Mercúrio e Metilmercúrio em cabelos de crianças e em peixes mais consumidos em Cubatão, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Mercury and Methylmercury in the children hair and fish mostly consumed in Cubatão, São Paulo State, Brazil

This study evaluated Hg and MeHg concentrations in fish muscle and children hair from Cubatão, using asstrategies: i) Hg and MeHg determinations in the mostly consumed fish species, ii) Hg and MeHg determinationsin 93 children hair samples (from 04 to 14 years old), and iii) analysis on the children diet consumptionquestionnaire answered by the respective parents. The results obtained in a similar study in Cananeia were usedas references. These two regions show different environmental anthropogenic impacts and distinct eating habits.The quantity and the frequency of fish consumption were the most important factors of Hg bioaccumulation inchildren hair. In both cities, 95 % of mercury contents in hair were >1 mg.kg-1 (US EPA reference) in analyzedchildren, and MeHg were between 67 and 83 % of total Hg. The median for total Hg concentration in fishmuscle (wet basis) ranged from 10 to 179 μg.kg-1 for Cananéia and 10 to 181 μg.kg-1 for Cubatão, values lowerthan the Brazilian limits for Hg in fish. Considering the Hg contents detected in the mostly consumed fish andhair, they indicate that the children are not at risk for Hg and MeHg contamination...

Este estudo avaliou a concentração de Hg e MeHg em amostras de peixes e de cabelos de crianças de Cubatão, usando-se como estratégia: i) Hg total e MeHg em peixes mais consumidos; ii) Hg total e MeHg em cabelos de 93 crianças (04 a 14 anos); iii) análise do inquérito alimentar respondido pelos pais. Os dados obtidos em estudo similar realizado em Cananéia foram usados como referência. Essas duas regiões estuarinas, sob diferentes graus de impacto ambiental, apresentam diferentes hábitos alimentares. A quantidade e a frequência de consumo de peixes foram os fatores mais importantes na bioacumulação de Hg nos cabelos. Em ambas as cidades, 95 % das concentrações de Hg total nos cabelos foram abaixo de 1 mg.kg-1 (limite US EPA) e o percentual de MeHg ocorreu entre 67 e 83 % em relação ao teor de Hg total. As medianas para Hg total nos músculos (base úmida) variaram de 10 a 179 μg.kg-1 para peixes de Cananéia e 10 a 181 μg.kg-1 de Cubatão, inferiores ao limite da legislação brasileira para Hg. A partir dos teores para Hg total e MeHg em peixes mais consumidos e cabelos, as crianças parecem não estar em risco de contaminação...

Caracterização físico-química do suco de açaí de Euterpe precatoria Mart. oriundo de diferentes ecossistemas amazônicos / Physicochemical characterization of acai juice of Euterpe precatoria Mart. from different amazonian ecosystems

Os frutos do açaizeiro (Euterpe precatoria Mart.) procedentes de diferentes ecossistemas amazônicos foram processados para a obtenção de suco. O produto foi avaliado quanto à composição centesimal (umidade, cinzas, lipídeos, proteína, glicídios e fibra alimentar), minerais, ácidos graxos e antocianinas. Os frutos foram comparados quanto ao peso, constatando-se uma variação significativa de 1,1 a 2,0 g entre eles. Com relação ao suco, verificou-se baixa concentração de proteína e alto teor de energia devido, principalmente, à presença de lipídeos cuja concentração variou de 4,24 a 9,74 por cento. Dentre os minerais, o potássio foi o mais abundante com teores na faixa de 73,78 a 376,69 mg 100 g-¹ (do suco), seguido do cálcio (15,99 a 57,85 mg 100g-¹). O ferro foi encontrado em concentrações minoritárias, na ordem de 0,43 a 1,2 mg 100g-¹. Com relação aos ingredientes funcionais, o suco de açaí apresentou concentrações importantes de fibra alimentar (2,37 a 7,8 por cento), e antocianinas, variando de 128,4 mg 100 g-¹ , nos frutos de coloração verde, procedentes de Parintins, até 868,9 mg 100 g-¹ nas amostras de Manaquiri (base seca). Na fração lipídica, destacou-se ainda a presença do ácido graxo oleico (18:1), com porcentagem média de 68,2 por cento no total de ácidos graxos, seguido do ácido palmítico (16:0) com 17,5 por cento. Tais resultados reforçam o potencial do açaí como fonte de energia, lipídeos, fibra alimentar, antocianinas, ácido graxo monoinsaturado e minerais. O presente estudo irá contribuir para a ampliação da tabela de composição química de alimentos e, consequentemente, auxiliar nos programas de melhoramento genético, mercado e inclusão social.

The fruit of açaí (Euterpe precatoria Mart.) from different Amazon ecosystems were processed to obtain the juice. The juice obtained from each ecosystem was evaluated for proximate composition (moisture, ash, lipids, protein, carbohydrates and dietary fiber), minerals, fatty acids and anthocyanins. The fruits prior to processing were compared in terms of weight, having noticed a significant variation from 1.1 to 2.0 g. Concerning to the juice, there was a low concentration of protein and high in energy, mainly due to the presence of lipids with a range from 4.24 to 9.74 percent. Among the minerals, potassium was the most abundant ranging from 73.78 to 376.69 mg 100 g-¹ (per of juice), followed by calcium (from 15.99 to 57.85 mg 100g-¹.). Iron presented minority concentrations from 0.43 to 1.2 mg 100g-¹. With regard to functional ingredients, the acai juice showed significant concentrations of dietary fiber (2.37 to 7.8 percent), anthocyanins, ranging from 128.4 mg 100 g-¹ in fruits of green color coming from Parintins to 868.9 mg 100 g-¹ in samples of Manaquiri (dry basis). The lipid fraction showed high quantities of oleic fatty acid (18:1), with average percentage of 68.2 percent in total fatty acids, followed by palmitic acid (16:0) with 17.5 percent. These results reinforce the potential of acaí as a source of energy, fat, dietary fiber, anthocyanins, monounsaturated fatty acid and mineral elements. The present study will contribute to the expansion of table food composition and to aid in the genetic improvement program, market and social inclusion.

Mercury and methylmercury content, fatty acids profile, and proximate composition of consumed fish in Cananéia, São Paulo, Brazil

Fifty three individuals of four most commonly consumed fish species by the Cananéia city population, in São Paulo, Brazil, were analyzedto determine total mercury (Total Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) levels, as well as, proximate composition and fatty acid profile. Themuscle of three carnivorous species Centropomus parallelus (Fat snook), Macrodon ancylodon (King weakfish) and Micropogonias furnieri(Whitemouth croaker), and one planktivorous species Mugil platanus (Mullet) were analyzed. MeHg and Total Hg determinations wereperformed by Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (CV AAS). Fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography (GC) whilst AOAC methods were used for proximate analysis. The total Hg results (interval) in wet weight basis were: Whitemouth croaker(114–442 μg kg-1), Fat snook (15-178 μg kg-1), King weakfi sh (12-100 μg kg-1) and Mullet (<10–25 μg kg-1), and none of the fish species exceeded the Brazilian legislation limits. MeHg values were below FAO/WHO (2007) recommendations. In nutritional terms, the resultsfor proximate composition for all four fish species proved to be an excellent protein source with very low lipid content as was expected. Fatty acids of all fish species were adequate. Total polyunsaturated fatty acid contents varied from 21.9% (Micropogonias furnieri) to26.4% (Mugil platanus). For the n-3 family, Macrodon ancylodon presented the highest value (20.9%) and Micropogonias furnieri thelowest one (15.8%). Mugil platanus (Mullet) species also showed good levels for all parameters analyzed and very low concentrations of contaminants, indicating it as a good nutritional choice in terms of risks and benefits.